hom-set, hom-object, internal hom, exponential object, derived hom-space
loop space object, free loop space object, derived loop space
This page is part of the collections of pages relating to the differential topology of mapping spaces. Here, we consider the linear situation. That is, we consider mapping spaces of the form where is a sequentially compact Frölicher space and is a convenient vector space. The reason for studying these is that such spaces are the model spaces for the more general mapping spaces.
The properties that we need to prove for these spaces are, essentially, inheritance properties. These are:
These properties are what is needed to propogate the manifold structure of the target to the mapping space.
Let be a convenient vector space and let be a Frölicher space whose curvaceous topology is sequentially compact. As a convenient vector space is a special Frölicher space, and the category of Frölicher spaces is cartesian closed, the mapping space is again a Frölicher space and is characterised by the fact that smooth maps correspond to smooth maps in the obvious way. In particular, the smooth curves in correspond to the smooth maps .
The space is a Frölicher space and a vector space. We want to know that these two structures are compatible. What we want to be able to say is that is a convenient vector space. To do this, we need to find a locally convex structure on which is locally complete and such that the corresponding smooth structure has smooth curves given as above.
Before looking for a suitable locally convex structure, it is worth making two remarks:
Although the first point seems to say that there is not a natural topology to check, in fact if there is a suitable locally convex topology on then its bornologification will be the same as the topology achieved by starting with the curvaceous topology and forcing it to be locally convex. However, to do this we would need a complete and accessible description of the curvaceous topology on and this is more than we need elsewhere. Instead, we shall look for the weakest suitable topology. For this, we use the fact that if we take a lctvs, say , and replace the topology with the weak topology, let us write this as , then and have the same bounded sets and thus the same bornologification and the same smooth structures.
Thus we are searching for a suitable family of linear functions . From the characterisation of convenient vector spaces, we want this family to satisfy the condition:
If is a curve such that is smooth for all in our family, then .
This leads us to the definition of the family.
We define a smooth functional on to be a linear functional constructed in the following way. We start with and . These define a linear function by composition: . Then we add in to get a linear functional on defined by
We define the smooth dual of to be the vector space generated by the smooth functionals. We write this dual as .
We define the weak smooth topology on to be the weakest topology such that all linear functionals in are continuous.
An immediate consequence of the construction is the following result.
For and , the map is a bounded linear map from to .
Note that we say bounded and not continuous. It would be continuous if we put the weak topology on or if we took the bornologification of . Neither of these is necessary for what we want to do, though.
With the weak smooth topology, is a convenient vector space. Its associated Frölicher space is .
We have to be careful here with where things are happening. In categorical language, we have constructed a functor from the some subcategory of Frölicher spaces to that of locally convex topological vector spaces. There is a functor in the opposite direction which takes a locally convex topological vector space and defines a family of smooth curves using differentiability. We wish to show that going back and forth takes us back to where we began.
To avoid confusion, we shall use the nomenclature for a function that is infinitely differentiable and “smooth” for the property of taking smooth curves to smooth curves. For functions , and “smooth” mean the same thing by Boman's theorem.
We consider a curve . This curve defines a map by . We recall that by the exponential law for Frölicher spaces, is smooth if and only if is smooth.
Let us start by assuming that is . Then for and , the map is a bounded linear function from to and so takes -curves to -curves. Hence the curve
is a -map .
By the exponential law for convenient vector spaces, this means that the map is a -map, . We can rewrite that in terms of as .
Now let be a smooth curve. By characterisation of the product, where and . Putting , we see that the map is because it is .
As is a convenient vector space, and this holds for all , we conclude that the map is a smooth curve in . As this holds for all , is smooth. Thus is a smooth map .
Now let us assume that is smooth. Then the associated function is smooth. We can switch the order to define a function , where . This is again smooth. As is a convenient vector space, the differentiation operator, is smooth. Thus there is a smooth map such that for each , (note the order). Now we transfer to a smooth map . It then follows that . This shows that is .
To show that is convenient, we use almost the same argument as in the previous paragraph except that instead of differentiating we integrate it (from some fixed point). This produces a curve, say such that and hence shows that is convenient.
Although we have introduced the weak smooth topology to show that is a convenient, we shall not be very interested in it in the following. In the linear situation, we prefer to work with the bornologification of this topology. In the smooth situation, we work with the curvaceous topology. Note that the bornological topology is the finest locally convex topology that is weaker than the curvaceous topology.
The key property on the source is that it be sequentially compact (with the curvaceous topology). The reason for this is to do with relating open sets in the target to open sets in the mapping space.
Let be a Frölicher space whose curvaceous topology is sequentially compact. Let be a convenient vector space. Let be a -neighbourhood in in the -topology. Then the set
is a -neighbourhood of in the -topology.
The Frölicher space structure on is such that smooth maps correspond to smooth maps . Therefore, a smooth curve corresponds to a smooth map .
The -topology is the curvaceous topology. In this topology, a set is open if its preimage under all smooth curves is open. So to determine whether or not is a -neighbourhood, we need to examine . This is the set
Now is smooth and so is open in . The relationship between and is that if and only if .
Now we apply the sequential compactness of to deduce that as is open, it contains a subset of the form for some . Then and so is a neighbourhood of .
Thus as was a generic smooth curve, is a -neighbourhood in .
This result can fail if is not sequentially compact, as shown by the simplest example: . For this example, the topologies involved are all the “standard” ones. In particular, the -neighbourhoods in are defined by uniform convergence on compact subsets of . Hence the set is not a -neighbourhood.
The last thing that we wish to note is that diffeomorphisms in extend to diffeomorphisms in . That is, for open subsets (in the -topology) and a diffeomorphism , we want to show that the induced map is a diffeomorphism. This follows from the functorality of the -construction.
Last revised on June 3, 2011 at 08:32:09. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.